Introduction: 1967—A Very Good Year

The year 1967 was indeed a very good year in the development of Zen Buddhist studies on both sides of the Pacific, as evidenced by the publication of two monumental works that forever changed the course of scholarly approaches to the history of Zen. In Japan, Yanagida Seizan issued what has remained the single most important book on the formation of early Zen writings in China, cast in a social-historical context, Shoki Zenshū shisho no kenkyū (Study of the historical writings of the early Chan school). This work lifted studies by Japanese scholars out of the traditional sectarian approach to Zen scholarship and into the arena of contemporary critical theoretical studies by challenging many of the myths and fabrications as well as highlighting the sheer creativity and inventiveness that characterized the self-definitions of the early Zen school.

Meanwhile, in America, Philip Yampolsky, who worked with Yanagida on translation projects—and, along with his Japanese colleague as well as Masatoshi Nagatomi and Stanley Weinstein, among others, helped train a generation of Western scholars—produced a translation with a substantial historical introduction and handy bilingual critical edition of one of the main Zen texts, the Platform Sutra by sixth patriarch Hui-neng. While by no means the first solid Western piece of academic work on Zen in an era still dominated by the popular writings of D. T. Suzuki, Alan Watts, and Eugen Herrigel, as well as European scholarship by Demiéville, Gernet, and Zürcher, Yampolsky set a new standard for what a translation and book-length study in the field should accomplish. His work has for years been widely read and consulted by specialists and nonspecialists alike. It was in 1967 that the page was turned, and mature Zen Buddhist studies was born.

It is not surprising to find that both books, while still well distributed, have been criticized for an out-of-date or old-fashioned approach, especially for unintentionally supporting a romantic, idealized view of Zen masters and ideology that the historical method they represented was supposed to be critiquing and undermining. Nevertheless, their impact will remain strong and continue to cast long shadows over other recent and future publications that struggle to capture the spirit of innovation and evoke the originality and authority of Yampolsky and Yanagida. After forty years of absorbing the impact of these works, now is a good time to assess what has been accomplished in the ensuing decades in addition to what has not yet developed or [p577] failed to develop; that is, the strengths and weaknesses, achievements, and lacunae in the field of Zen studies.

What follows consists of two interconnected parts: a short essay that sums up critically the state of the field and what the student can expect to find available, and a selected bibliography upon which it is based. The bibliography in the second part is a selected list of the major works on Zen in the West, primarily by American scholars since the time of the seminal publications cited above. Several guidelines were followed in the selection process. First, the list is intended to be representative of more advanced scholarship and thus limited in scope rather than comprehensive or exhaustive. My apologies go in advance to scholars and their works that may have been inadvertently left out. In addition, I extend an invitation for constructive feedback and suggestions about what is missing or overlooked so that the list can be improved. Second, the list focuses primarily on books—monographs, collections, and translations—although several articles as well as a few unpublished dissertation titles and an important online resource are included, particularly in cases when a prominent scholar’s work or a subfield is best represented that way.

Third, the list is organized into several categories and subcategories. Following a short list of works from the years leading up to 1967, the bibliography continues with two ‘‘breakthrough’’ categories for monographs and collections. The notion of breakthrough used here refers to works that in their own way created at least a mini-revolution by opening up a new area of inquiry or breaking down conventional methodological barriers so as to generate a strong following and stimulate or inspire the research agendas of many others. Each of these works are being read and re-read by nearly everyone interested in Zen, Buddhist, or East Asian studies, or in religious studies, philosophy, or intellectual history more generally because they cross over lines normally dividing culture, period, or method or are outstanding case studies that set a model or standard for how scholarship should be carried out. Many copies of these works will likely be considerably marked up by eager readers who will underscore or make notations in the margins about key or useful passages, and the titles evoked at countless conferences and academic gatherings or in publications. Following these two sections, the rest of the bibliography reflects a regional, chronological, or methodological emphasis.

A final objective in the selection process was to limit the list to works that are primarily academic or scholarly investigations of a key aspect of the history of Zen theory or practice. This has meant excluding some kinds of books that may have had a greater impact on more readers or have enjoyed a higher recognition value and are targeting a general audience. Also, studies dealing with Zen in relation to culture or the arts or works associated with Kyoto School philosophy, which is sometimes seen as a branch of modern Zen, are not contained herein. Works that might be considered primary rather than secondary sources are not included here. For these and related reasons, another category that was considered for inclusion but has been left out would have contained works on ‘‘Applying Zen,’’ with a variety of topics ranging from the arts and literature to psychotherapy or self-help. Such a compilation would be valuable in a different context. [p578]

Part One: Fields and Subfields

This section reflects on the state of the field by organizing the main accomplishments and lacunae around thematic areas rather than following the structure of the bibliography. The first two categories below are rather ‘‘conservative’’ in referring to studies of the mainstream institution and its leading figures, whereas the next two categories refer to practices and methods for studying them that tend to stand outside or break the mold of the tradition’s conventions.

Institutional History

Following the historical studies of Chinese Buddhism by Ch’en and Zürcher that dealt extensively with Chan, as well as the early work of Dumoulin (1953), the latter, after a series of publications, delivered a comprehensive historical study from the formative to modern periods of Zen in China and Japan (1988–1990). More significantly, each of the main historical periods have been covered in depth beginning with the Tang (Poceski), Song (Foulk 1987, Yifa), and Ming (Yü) dynasties in China and continuing with the Kamakura (Collcutt, Bodiford 1993, Faure 1996), Tokugawa (Williams), Meiji (Ketelaar, Jaffe), and contemporary (Kraft) eras in Japan. We now have a good description of the origins of the monastic institution and the rules and regulations that governed it as well as how it transferred and developed in Japanese history including modern reforms that turned celibate, nonviolent Buddhist monks into married meat-eaters.

One interesting feature of this development is that whereas for a number of years the Rinzai sect was given priority in Western scholarship primarily because of the predilections of Suzuki, with Sōtō Zen nearly entirely overlooked, the proportionality has shifted. Now many of the best works cited above, such as Bodiford, Faure 1996, Williams, and Jaffe, deal almost exclusively with this once far less known aspect of Zen history. What seems to be missing in this category as it now stands, however, is a balance in method in some approaches focusing on the great tradition of monks and their official affiliates, supporters, and donors and others on popular religiosity or the assimilation of folk, indigenous, and esoteric Buddhist or non-Buddhist elements. The field needs to catch up with itself, so to speak, so that there would be multiple works representing diverse methodologies and outlooks on the various schools represented in the different historical periods.

Patriarchal Literature

Many of the major historical figures in Zen have had their works translated and analyzed and/or lives examined. This includes Bodhidharma, Linji (Lin-chi), Zhaozhou (Chao-chou), Yunmen (Yün-men), Zongmi (Tsung-mi), Dongshan (Tung-shan), Layman Pang, Hongzhi (Hung-chih), and Dahui (Ta-hui) in Tang and Song China, in addition to others such as Mazu (Ma-tsu), Baizhang (Pai-chang), and Huangbo (Huang-po). Also included are medieval through modern Japanese monks and thinkers including Dōgen, Ikkyū , Daitō , Tetsugen, Menzan, Hakuin, Tōrei, Bankei, Takuan, Bassui, Tosui, Ryōkan, and Hisamatsu. The translation of Chinul (Buswell [p 579] 1986) is particularly important for understanding intellectual developments in both China and Korea. In a number of instances, there are multiple translations available, and once again in a case of Sōtō scholarship seeming to surpass Rinzai, nearly all of Dōgen’s major works have been rendered in English, with a definitive version of the Shōbōgenzō expected to be available as a central part of the Bielefeldt online project. The translation of Eihei Kōroku in Leighton and Okumura 2004 is noteworthy. In addition, following the early work by Miura and Sasaki on kōan literature, there have been translations of the collections that are most important from a Japanese perspective, including the Wumenguan (Jpn Mumonkan), Biyanlu (Jpn Hekiganroku), and Congronglu (Jpn Shōyōroku), as well as capping-phrase texts used extensively in the Rinzai sect’s training curriculum (Hori 2003 and Kirchner 2004). However, these efforts have not necessarily reflected what is most representative in terms of the history of Chinese writings.

Furthermore, if TV programming in America has been depicted as a ‘‘vast wasteland’’ that is all too readily accessible for all, then the case of Zen literature is one of a ‘‘vast storehouse’’ that is nearly inaccessible to everyone but a small handful of specialists who can read these works. That is, there are voluminous transmission-of-the- lamp records, sayings of masters, and kōan collections and commentaries that have barely been dealt with and need to be made available. This is certainly one of the main new areas for the expansion of Zen studies in the next generation. In studies of Western religion and literature, new scholars continue to approach Augustine or Shakespeare, even though these figures have been well covered for years, whereas others pursue uncharted, seemingly obscure territories in early or late medieval writings. It is important for Zen studies as well to maintain a thoughtful balance between novel approaches to the tried-and-true and tried-and-true approaches to what appears novel.

For instance, the Song dynasty transmission records, of which the prominent Jingde chuangdeng lu (Jpn Keitoku dentōroku) is just one of many examples of this all-important genre, has only appeared in a partial translation in Chang 1969 and been analyzed in depth in Welter 2006 and elsewhere. In addition to vast amounts of Chinese kōan literature, including quite a few kōan collections that were forgotten because they were not as popular as the small handful that caught on in Japan, there are also other huge areas that have barely been explored. These include medieval Japanese Five Mountains poetry (gozan bungaku), which was crucial to the intellectual development of the Rinzai sect and its interface with indigenous culture, and the extensive records (shōmono) of commentaries by Sōtō masters that incorporated esoteric symbols along with complex literary styles and structures.

Heresies, Unorthodoxies, and Stre-e-e-e-e-e-tching Boundaries

It has been argued that while Zen frequently and flagrantly uses the rhetoric of irreverence and iconoclasm, or what Robert Gimello has called ‘‘disingenuous blasphemy,’’ even or especially toward its own patriarchs, who consistently get reprimanded, slapped, and upbraided in hagiographical accounts, Zen is like many other traditions in that it has fiercely pursued the establishment and preservation of [p580] orthodoxy along with the suppression of heresy and unorthodoxy. Therefore, much of the most interesting and important research has been involved with ferreting out areas of ideological conflict and dissent that emerged at key turning points in the development of the tradition by looking at rivalries as well as absorptions involving other schools, sects, movements, and rites. These points of challenging intersection within the school and between Zen and its rivals in a competitive East Asian religious environment were crucial at historical junctures, and were obviously prominent at the time of occurrence, but have been hidden or dormant and remain neglected since they were pushed under the rug, so to speak, like Gregor Samsa in Kafka’s Metamorphosis. After the early work of Zeuschner, the Northern school, the original heresy of gradualness that was crucial at the time of the formation of the Southern school orthodoxy, has been treated in several key works (McRae 1986 and Faure 1995). Similar issues include debates between the Linji and Caodong factions during the Song (Schlütter 2000) and the role of the Daruma school (Faure 1991) at the dawn of Zen in early Kamakura Japan, as well as the emergence of the third sect in Tokugawa Japan, Ōbaku, which integrated kōan and nembutsu practice (Baroni 2000).

Another significant area of inquiry responding to general academic trends emphasizing realms of society beyond and stretching or challenging conventional boundaries has been a focus on the popular religious quality evident in Zen practice throughout every phase of its historical development. This began in China, where the deification of masters particularly after death was a major component in the spread of the movement, and continued in Japan, where prayer temples (kitōjiin) featuring festivals and talismans incorporated with esoteric Buddhist and indigenous icons and images is the rule rather than the exception. Several works have brought out the role of funeral rites (Faure 1991), mummification (Sharf 1992), and ritual portraiture (Foulk and Sharf 1993) in preserving the images of abbots, while other studies have emphasized folk practices pervasive in the Sōtō sect, including Heine 1999, Rowe, and Williams. In addition, popular religiosity has been treated in Gimello 1992 and Sawada, and the role of women has been explored in Song literature (Levering) and Sōtō monasticism (Arai). A sense has been created that we do not really know what the ‘‘real’’ Zen really is and that it is necessary to sort and sift through the records to find the appropriate materials rather than just rely on what the tradition says it is, especially since much of the prevalent self-definition was generated as late as early modern Japan.

Other Approaches, Other Cultures

While early debates about how to conduct studies of Zen involving Hu Shi 1953 and Suzuki 1953 focused on the relation between historiography and philosophy, with the latter seeming to play a dominant role, it is clear that over the past few decades the field of Zen scholarship has been greatly influenced by philological and sociohistorical methods. This has left the area of philosophical studies somewhat limited in scope and with relatively few proponents. In dealing with a school of thought that eschews logical discourse expressed through ‘‘words and letters’’ yet has been [p581] greatly influenced by the poetic traditions of East Asia, perhaps the most relevant work in this area has involved literary-critical approaches, as in Wright and Wang. One of the reasons that philosophy proper has not been applied to studies of Zen in the past twenty years is that this approach has been superseded by a newer focus, which came to the fore in the 1990s, on ethical issues. This has involved an analysis of how Zen in Japan has contributed to social problems, such as discrimination (Hubbard and Swanson) and nationalism/imperialism (Heisig and Maraldo, and Victoria), as well as the potential for reform (Ives and Odin). Some of these works have tried to dethrone Zen from the lofty seat of idealism and expose it as a corrupt and tainted tradition more content with preserving its institutional status quo than seeking to liberate sentient beings from the throes of stubborn ignorance.

Finally, it seems that forty years has not been a sufficient amount of time to yield a high volume of scholarly works on Zen manifested outside China and Japan. While there are a couple of outstanding books dealing with history or practice in Korea (Buswell 1992) and Vietnam (Nguyen), there remains much research to be accomplished in regard to these areas that are so rich in historical tradition and contemporary practice, particularly with the Buddhist revival in Vietnam in recent years. Studies of Zen coming to the West over the past century since it was introduced at the time of the famous 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions have focused primarily on narratives about individual teachers (Chadwick) or on adaptations to the new environment (Asai and Williams, and Rocha). This is certainly one of the growth areas in the field.

Part Two: Selected Bibliography

WORKS THROUGH 1967

Ch’en, Kenneth K. S. 1964. Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Demiéville, Paul. 1952. Le concile de Lhasa: Une controverse sur le quie´tisme entres les bouddhistes de l’Inde et de la Chine au VIIIe siécle de l’ére chrétienne. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Dumoulin, Heinrich, S. J. 1953. The Development of Chinese Zen after the Sixth Patriarch in the Light of the Mumonkan. Translated by Ruth Fuller Sasaki. New York: The First Zen Institute of America.
Gernet, Jacques. 1949. Les entretiens du maître de Dhyâna Chen-Houei du Ho-Tsö Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve.
Miura, Isshū , and Ruth Fuller Sasaki. 1966. Zen Dust: The History of the Kōan and
Kōan Study in Rinzai (Lin-chi) Zen. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
Suzuki, Daisetz T. 1959. Zen and Japanese Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Yampolsky, Phillip. 1967. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch: The Text of the Tun-huang Manuscript, with Translation, Introduction, and Notes. New York: Columbia University Press.[p582] Philosophy East & West
Yanagida, Seizan. 1967. Shoki Zenshū shisho no kenkyū . Kyoto: Hōzōkan.
Zürcher, Erik. 1959. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: Brill.

Articles

‘‘BREAKTHROUGH’’ MONOGRAPHS

Bodiford, William M. 1993. Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Buswell, Robert. 1983. The Korean Approach to Zen: The Collected Works of Chinul. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. Reprinted as Tracing Back the Radiance:
Chinul’s Korean Way of Zen. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1991.
Collcutt, Martin. 1981. Five Mountains: The Rinzai Zen Monastic Institution in Medieval Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dumoulin, Heinrich. 1988–1990. Zen Buddhism: A History. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan. Reprint, Bloomington, IA: World Wisdom, 2005.
Faure, Bernard. 1991. The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
McRae, John R. 1986. The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch’an Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. Reprint, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2005.
Yifa. 2002. The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China: An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan Qinggui. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press.

Dissertation

Foulk, T. Griffith. 1987. ‘‘The ‘Ch’an School’ and its Place in the Buddhist Monastic Tradition.’’ Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.

BREAKTHROUGH COLLECTIONS

Bodiford, William M., ed. 2005. Going Forth: Visions of Buddhist Vinaya. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Steven Heine [p583] Faure, Bernard, ed. 2003. Chan Buddhism in Ritual Context. London: Routledge-Curzon.
Gimello, Robert M., and Peter N. Gregory, eds. 1983. Studies in Ch’an and Hua-yen. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Heine, Steven, and Dale S. Wright, eds. 2000. The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press. [ see book review by Eric Sean Nelson]
Kraft, Kenneth, ed. 1988. Zen: Tradition and Transition: A Source Book by Contemporary Zen Masters and Scholars. New York: Grove Press.
Lai, Whalen, and Lewis R. Lancaster, eds. 1983. Early Ch’an in China and Tibet. Fremont, CA: Asian Humanities Press.

CHINESE CHAN

App, Urs. 1993. Concordance to the Record of Linji (Rinzai). Kyoto: Research Institute for Zen Buddhism at Hanazono University.
———, trans. 1994. Master Yunmen: From the Record of the Chan Master ‘‘Gate of the Clouds.’’ New York: Kodansha America.
Broughton, Jeffrey L., trans. 1999. The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Buswell, Robert E., Jr. 1989. The Formation of Ch’an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamādhi-Sūtra: A Buddhist Apocryphon. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Chang, Chung-yu¨ an, trans. 1969. Original Teachings of Ch’an Buddhism. New York: Vintage.
Cleary, Christopher ( J. C.), trans. 1977. Swampland Flowers: The Letters and Lectures of Zen Master Ta Hui. New York: Grove Press.
Cole, Alan. Forthcoming. Patriarchs on Paper: The Gradual Birth of Chinese Buddhas in Tang-era Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Demiéville, Paul, trans. 1972. Entretiens de Lin-tsi. Paris: Fayard.
Faure, Bernard. 1997. Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [see book reviews: by Jeffrey Dipman; by Franz Aubrey Metcalf; by Joseph McKeon]
Gregory, Peter N., ed. 1987. Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
———. 1991. Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [see book review by T. Griffith Foulk]
Gregory, Peter N., and Daniel A. Getz, eds. 1999. Buddhism in the Sung. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Green, James, Jr., trans. 1998. The Recorded Sayings of Zen Master Joshu. Boston: Shambhala.[p584] Philosophy East & West
Jia, Jinhua. 2006. The Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism in Eighth- through Tenth-Century China. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Jorgensen, John. 2005. Inventing Hui-neng, the Sixth Patriarch: Hagiography and Biography in Early Ch’an. Leiden: Brill.
Leighton, Taigen Daniel, and Yi Wu, trans. 2003. Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi. Reprint, Boston: Tuttle.
McRae, John R. 2004. Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press. [see book reviews: by Vladimir K; by George A. Keyworth; by Albert Welter ]
Poceski, Mario. 2007. Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Powell, William F., trans. 1986. The Record of Tung-shan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Sasaki, Ruth Fuller, trans. 1975. The Recorded Sayings of Ch’an Master Lin-chi Huichao of Chen Prefecture. Kyoto: The Institute for Zen Studies.
Sasaki, Ruth Fuller, Yoshitaka Iriya, and Dana R. Fraser, trans. 1971. A Man of Zen: The Recorded Sayings of Layman P’ang. New York: Weatherhill.
Watson, Burton, trans. 1993. The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi: A Translation of Lin-Chi Lu. Boston: Shambhala.
Welter, Albert. 2006. Monks, Rulers, and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. Forthcoming. The Development of the Linji lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy.New York: Oxford University Press.
Wittern, Christian, trans. 1998. Das Yulu des Chan-Buddhismus: Die Entwicklung vom 8–11. Jahrhundert am Biespiel des 28. Kapitels des Jingde chuandenglu (1004). Bern: Peter Lang.
Yü Chün-fang. 1981. The Renewal of Buddhism in China: Chu-hung and the Late Ming Synthesis. New York: Columbia University Press.

Articles

Adamek, Wendi. 2004. ‘‘The Lidai fabao (Record of the Dharma-Jewel Through the Generations).’’ In Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright, eds., The Zen Canon, pp.81–106. New York: Oxford University Press.
Berling, Judith. 1987. ‘‘Bringing the Buddha Down to Earth: Notes on the Emergence of Yü-lu as a Buddhist Genre.’’ History of Religions 21 (7): 57–88.
Foulk, T. Griffith. 1993. ‘‘Myth, Ritual, and Monastic Practice in Sung Ch’an Buddhism.’’In Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Peter N. Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China, pp. 147–208. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press.
Steven Heine [p585]
———. 1999. ‘‘Sung Controversies Concerning the ‘Separate Transmission’ of Ch’an.’’ In Peter Gregory and Daniel Getz, eds., Buddhism in the Sung, pp. 220–294. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Foulk, T. Griffith, and Robert H. Sharf. 1993. ‘‘On the Ritual Use of Ch’an Portraiture in Medieval China.’’ Cahiers d’Extreˆme-Asie 7 : 149–219.
Gardner, Daniel. 1991. ‘‘Modes of Thinking and Modes of Discourse in the Sung: Some Thoughts on the Yū -lu (Recorded Conversations) Texts.’’ Journal of Asian Studies 50 (3): 574–603.
Gimello, Robert M. 1992. ‘‘Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t’ai Shan.’’ In Susan Naquin and Chun-fang Yü, eds., Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China, pp. 89–149. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregory, Peter N., trans. 1995. Inquiry into the Origin of Humanity: An Annotated Translation of Tsung-mi’s Yūan Jen Lun with a Modern Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. [see book review by Albert Welter ]
Jorgensen, John A. 1987. ‘‘The ‘Imperial’ Lineage of Ch’an Buddhism: The Role of Confucian Ritual and Ancestor Worship in Ch’an’s Search for Legitimation in the mid-Tang Dynasty.’’ Papers on Far Eastern History 35 : 89–133.
Lai, Whalen. 1985. ‘‘Ma-tsu Tao-i and the Unfolding of Southern Zen.’’ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12 (2–3): 173–192.
Levering, Miriam. 1982. ‘‘The Dragon Girl and the Abbess of Mo-Shan: Gender and Status in the Ch’an Buddhist Tradition.’’ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 5 (1): 19–33.
Schlütter, Morten. 2000. ‘‘‘Before the Empty Eon’ Versus ‘A Dog Has No Buddhanature’: Kung-an Use in the Ts’ao-tung Tradition and Ta-hui’s Kung-an Introspection Ch’an.’’ In Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright, eds., The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism, pp. 168–199. New York: Oxford University Press. [see book review by Eric Sean Nelson ]
Sharf, Robert H. 1992. ‘‘The Idolization of Enlightenment: On the Mummification of Ch’an Masters in Medieval China.’’ History of Religions 32 (1): 1–31.
Welter, Albert. 1995. ‘‘Zanning and Chan: The Changing Nature of Buddhism in Early Song China.’’ Journal of Chinese Religions 23 : 105–140.

Dissertation

Zeuschner, Robert B. 1977. ‘‘An Analysis of the Philosophical Criticisms of Northern Ch’an Buddhism.’’ Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hawai‘i.

JAPAN

Dōgen and Sōtō Zen

Abe, Masao. 1992. A Study of Dōgen: His Philosophy and Religion. Albany: State University of New York Press.[p586] Philosophy East & West
Arai, Paula Kane Robinson. 1999. Women Living Zen: Japanese Sōtō Buddhist Nuns.New York: Oxford University Press.
Bielefeldt, Carl. 1988. Dōgen’s Manuals of Zen Meditation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Faure, Bernard. 1996. Visions of Power: Imagining Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Heine, Steven. 1994. Dōgen and the Kōan Tradition: A Tale of Two Shōbōgenzō Texts. Albany: State University of New York Press.
———. 2006. Did Dōgen Go to China? What He Wrote and When He Wrote It. New York: Oxford University Press. [see Heine's essay of same title]
Kim, Hee-Jin. 1975. Dōgen Kigen: Mystical Realist. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Reprinted as Eihei Dōgen: Mystical Realist. Somerville, MA: Wisdom, 2003.
Kodera, Takashi James. 1980. Dōgen’s Formative Years in China: An Historical Study and Annotated Translation of the Hōkyōki. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
LaFleur, William R., ed. 1985. Dōgen Studies. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press.
Leighton, Taigen Daniel, and Shohaku Okumura, trans. 1996. Dōgen’s Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of the Eihei Shingi. Albany: State University of New York Press.
———. 2004. Dōgen’s Extensive Record: A Translation of the Eihei Kōroku. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Tanahashi, Kazuaki, and John Daido Loori, trans. 2005. The True Dharma Eye: Zen Master Dōgen’s Three Hundred Kōans. Boston: Shambhala.
Waddell, Norman, and Masao Abe, trans. 2002. The Heart of Dōgen’s Shōbōgenzō . Albany: State University of New York Press.
Yokoi, Yūhō , and Daizen Victoria, trans. 1976. Zen Master Dōgen. New York: Weatherhill.

Online

Sōtō-shū Translation Project, ed. Carl Bielefeldt. In preparation. Sōtō Zen Texts. A multivolume set of annotated translations of the complete scriptural canon of the Sōtō-shū , edited with G. Foulk. http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/news/archive/translating_dogen.html

Medieval

Arntzen, Sonja, trans. 1986. Ikkyū and the Crazy Cloud Anthology: A Zen Poet of Medieval Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. [p587]
Kraft, Kenneth. 1997. Eloquent Zen: Daitō and Early Japanese Zen. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Morrell, Sachiko Kaneko, and Robert E. Morrell. 2006. Zen Sanctuary of Purple Robes: Japan’s Tokeiji Convent since 1285. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Parker, Joseph D. 1999. Zen Buddhist Landscape Arts of Early Muromachi Japan (1336–1573). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Pollack, David, trans. 1985. Zen Poems of the Five Mountains. New York: Crossroad.
Sanford, James H. 1981. Zen-Man Ikkyū . Harvard Studies in World Religions 2. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.

Early Modern and Modern

Abe, Ryuichi, and Peter Haskel, trans. 1996. Great Fool: Zen Master Ryōkan: Poems, Letters, and Other Writings. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Baroni, Helen Josephine. 2000. Ōbaku Zen: The Emergence of the Third Sect of Zen in Tokugawa Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
———. 2006. Iron Eyes: The Life and Teachings of Ōbaku Zen Master Tetsugen Dōkō . Albany: State University of New York Press.
Braverman, Arthur, trans. 1989. Mud and Water: A Collection of Talks by the Zen Master Bassui. San Francisco: North Point Press.
Haskel, Peter. 1984. Bankei Zen: Translations from the Record of Bankei. New York: Grove Press.
———. 2001. Letting Go: The Story of Zen Master Tosui. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Hisamatsu, Shin’ichi, Christopher Ives, and Gishin Tokiwa, trans. 2002. Critical Sermons of the Zen Tradition: Hisamatsu’s Talks on Linji. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Jaffe, Richard. 2001. Neither Monk nor Layman: Clerical Marriage in Modern Japanese Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ketelaar, James Edward. 1993. Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [ see book review by Jacqueline Stone ]
Mohr, Michel. 1997. Traite´ sur l’Inépuisable Lampe du Zen: Tōrei (1721–1792) et sa vision de l’éveil (Treatise on the Inexhaustible Lamp of Zen: Tōrei and his vision of awakening). 2 vols. Vol. 28, Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques. Brussels: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises.
Sawada, Janine Anderson. 1993. Confucian Values and Popular Zen: Sekimon Shingaku in Eighteenth-Century Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
[p588]Takuan Sōhō. 1986. The Unfettered Mind: Writings from a Zen Master to a Master Swordsman. William Scott Wilson, trans. New York: Kodansha America.
Waddell, Norman, trans. 1984. The Unborn: The Life and Teaching of Zen Master
Bankei, 1622–1693. San Francisco: North Point Press.
———. 1994. The Essential Teachings of Zen Master Hakuin. Boston: Shambhala.
Williams, Duncan Ryūken. 2004. The Other Side of Zen: A Social History of Sōtō Zen Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Yampolsky, Philip, trans. 1971. Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings. New York: Columbia University Press.

Articles

Reader, Ian. 1986. ‘‘Zazenless Zen? The Position of Zazen in Institutional Zen Buddhism.’’ Japanese Religions 14 (3): 7–27.
Rowe, Mark. 2004. ‘‘Where the Action Is: Sites of Contemporary Soto Buddhism.’’ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 31 (2): 357–388.

Dissertations

Grosnick, William R. 1979. ‘‘The Zen Master Dōgen’s Understanding of the Buddhanature in Light of the Historical Concept of the Buddha-nature Concept in India, China, and Japan.’’ Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
Riggs, David. 2002. ‘‘The Rekindling of a Tradition: Menzan Zuihō and the Reform of Japanese Sotō  Zen in the Tokugawa Era.’’ Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

KŌANS

Article

Hsieh, Ding-hwa E. 1994. ‘‘Yüan-wu K’o-ch’in’s (1063–1135) Teaching of Ch’an Kung-an Practice: A Transition from the Literary Study of Ch’an Kung-an to the Practical K’an-hua Ch’an.’’ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 17 (1): 66–95.

PHILOSOPHY

Abe, Masao. 1985. Zen and Western Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Austin, James H. 1998. Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Faure, Bernard. 1993. Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———. 2003. Double Exposure: Cutting across Buddhist and Western Discourses. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Heine, Steven. 1985. Existential and Ontological Dimensions of Time in Heidegger and Dōgen. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kasulis, Thomas P. 1985. Zen Action / Zen Person. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘I Press.
Kopf, Gereon. 2001. Beyond Personal Identity: Dōgen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-Self. Richmond, UK: Curzon Press.
Leighton, Taigen Daniel. 2007. Visions of Awakening Space and Time: Dōgen and the Lotus Sutra. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nagatomo, Shigenori. 1992. Attunement through the Body. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Shaner, David. 1985. The Body-Mind Experience in Japanese Buddhism: A Phenomenological Perspective on Kūkai and Dōgen. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Wang, Youru. 2003. Linguistic Strategies in Daoist Zhuangzi and Chan Buddhism. New York: Routledge.
Wright, Dale S. 2000. Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [p590] [see book review by Joseph S. O'Leary; by Whalen Lai; by Steven Heine]

Articles

Maraldo, John C., 1985. ‘‘Is There Historical Consciousness within Ch’an?’’ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 12 (2–3): 141–172.
McRae, John R. 1993. ‘‘Yanagida Seizan’s Landmark Works on Chinese Ch’an.’’ Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 7 : 51–103.

SOCIAL ISSUES

Heisig, James W., and John C. Maraldo. 1995. Rude Awakenings: Zen, the Kyoto School, and the Question of Nationalism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Hubbard, Jamie, and Paul L. Swanson. 1997. Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Ives, Christopher. 1992. Zen Awakening and Society. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
James, Simon P. 2004. Zen Buddhism and Environmental Ethics. Aldershot, Hants, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Odin, Steve. 1995. The Social Self in Zen and American Pragmatism. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Victoria, Brian. 1997. Zen at War. New York: Weatherhill.[see book review by Vladimir K; by David Loy; by Fabio Rambelli; by Josh Baran]

Article

Bodiford, William M. 1996. ‘‘Zen and the Art of Religious Prejudice: Efforts to Reform a Tradition of Social Discrimination.’’ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23 (1–2): 1–27.

OTHER CULTURES

Korea
Buswell, Robert E., Jr. 1992. The Zen Monastic Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Vietnam
Nguyen, Cuong Tu. 1998. Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study and Translation of Thien Uyen Tap Anh. Classics in East Asian Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Le Manh That. 2006. Tran Nhan Tong: A Biographical Study. Ho Chi Minh City: Vietnam Buddhist University.
America
Chadwick, David. 1999. Crooked Cucumber: The Life and Zen Teaching of Shunryu Suzuki. New York: Broadway Books.[see website] [p591]
Ellwood, Robert, ed. 1988. Zen in American Life and Letters. Malibu: Udena Publications.
Fields, Rick. [1981] 1992. How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America. Boston: Shambhala Publications. [ see book review by Vladimir K]
Morgan, Diane. 2004. The Buddhist Experience in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Prebish, Charles S. 1999. Luminous Passage: The Practice and Study of Buddhism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tworkov, Helen. 1989. Zen in America: Profiles of Five Teachers. San Francisco: North Point Press.
Dissertation
Metcalf, Franz A. 2000. ‘‘Why Do Americans Practice Buddhism?’’ Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Article
Asai, Senryō , and Duncan Ryūken Williams. 1999. ‘‘Japanese American Zen Temples: Cultural Identity and Economics.’’ In Duncan Williams and Christopher Queen, eds., American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, pp. 20–35. London: Curzon.
Brazil
Rocha, Cristina. 2006. Zen In Brazil: The Quest for Cosmopolitan Modernity. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Canada
Matthews, Bruce, ed. 2006. Buddhism in Canada. New York: Routledge.
Europe
Kay, David N. 2004. Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain. London: Routledge-Curzon.
Kone´, Alione. 2001. ‘‘Zen in Europe: A Survey of the Territory.’’ Journal of Global Buddhism 2 : 139–161.

Note
An earlier version of this article appeared on the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy Online Forum, Fall 2006. [p592]